The Vietnam War as Seen in Photos

Anorexia Nervos Causes And Symptoms - 1178 Words

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disordering that could be life threatening which reduces the appetite and causes reluctant of eating. This is a disease which is known to be caused by environmental, biological and psychological factors. An individual who has anorexia usually would be seen to have a distort body image and a fear of becoming over weight. Schoemaker. C (2004) suggests that â€Å"350 individuals of every million suffer Anorexia Nervosa at the age of 11 to 15.†1 This demonstrates that there is a large number of individuals suffering this disease. Anorexia Nervosa is known to be a multifactorial disorder; below will be a discussion about the different cause factors and symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa in adolescents of ages between 11-16. There will also be supporting studies and research to conclude the causes of Anorexia in adolescents. Children, between 11-16, who suffer from Anorexia develop the first stages of symptoms which are uncontrollable dieting. This means the child would look for opportunities to avoid eating or consume a very small amount of food throughout the day. Due to the lack of nutrition and fluid intake, this will cause the child’s physical development to decrease. During puberty, it is important that the child receives a good intake of iron, protein, energy and carbohydrates. This is because the development of physical organs requires a lot of energy, which would mean the child will lose a lot of energy and nutrients, at this stage of their lives.

Effect of Communication on Team-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyse the Ethical Implications of the Use of various Communication Systems, Conflict resolution and Modalities in Diverse, Contemporary Workplaces ILO2. Answer: Thesis statement- In this essay the role of teamwork in modern workplace and the effect of communication and ethical communication on team effectiveness and team performance is studied. Teamwork plays an important role in the modern workplace. University students experience teamwork as a part of their assignment. This fosters flexibility and university students learn to collaborate with team members which prepare them to take responsibility of teams in future of the modern workplace. The job advertisements clearly reflect the ability to work effectively within a team as an important criterion for teamwork. Organizational team work is a complex process. Some teams perform better than other teams and some individuals are better at working with others. Skills, abilities and characteristics like extraversion, emotional intelligence, conscientiousness, flexibility, ability to communicate effective, mutual trust and respect and empathy generally increase team performance(Galegher, Kraut and Egido 2014).Individuals who possess these qualities also work better within a team. Team members can leverage the strengths of individual members of the team and minimize the weakness of individual members which increases the team performance. Tasks can be divided according to the competence of team members in an effective team. Thus teamwork helps in achieving organizational goals and objectives. In modern day global business scenario, there are prevalence of virtual teams and diverse teams. Organizations have to adopt strategies to manage this type of teams. In this essay the literature is studied to understand the complex process of teamwork, team performance and team effectiveness. The role of communication in building effective teams is reviewed from literature. Ethical communication is linked with team effectiveness and teamwork in this essay (Bovee, Thill and Raina 2016). Effective teams are comprised of team members who have the skills, knowledge and abilities to accomplish team goals. In effective teams, goals are realistic and reasonable and tasks are optimally divided among team members. Individual members of an effective team take responsibility of the task allotted and contribute substantially towards team goal (Katzenbach and Smith 2015).Team members acknowledge the accomplishments and achievements of each other. An effective team receives support from team leaders and the organization and transformational leadership plays a vital role in effective teams. Effective teams follow an open communication model with free flow of information among all members of the team (Krner et al. 2015). There are several models for an effective team. Tuckmans stages model is a well-known model for team effectiveness. It is a five-staged model comprising of stages like forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. In the forming stage, the ground rules of a team are established. The team members are introduced to each other at this stage and they discover ways to know each other. The second stage of formation of team is the storming stage. In this stage, plans are formulated by team members along with co-ordination from team leaders. The goals and objectives of the team are established at this stage and an agenda is set to accomplish the goals. The third stage of team formation is the norming stage. At this stage, the team members become cohesive and learn to resolve conflicts. The team members take the responsibility of individual goals which will lead to the accomplishment of the objectives of the team. In the fourth stage of team formation, that is, the performing stage, team members coordinate and collaborate with each other to accomplish the objectives that were set in the storming stage of team formation. In the adjourning stage, the members of the team part ways to move on to other projects. The adjourning stage is applicable for temporary teams of an organization which are formed to handle a critical task or to complete a specific project (Berlin, Carlstrm and Sandberg 2012).Research has provided attributes that are essential for successful teamwork. These attributes are commitment to shared goals and success of a team, interdependence on team members so that goals can be accomplished together, interpersonal skills like honesty and trustworthiness, an open communication model with transparency and constructive feedback, commitment to leadership, accountability and processes of a team and appropriate composition of a team((Berlin, Carlstrm and Sandberg 2012). Crupy and Hogans rocket model was developed after conducting research on several organizational teams. There are eight components of the model like context, norms, mission, talent, morale, power, buy-in and results which increase team performance. Context helps to reach consensus among team members in challenging situation, mission is the team goal s, talent is related to roles and responsibility of team members, norms are the code of conduct, buy-in focuses of engagement of team members, power focuses on authority within teams, morale together with other components guide team member to achieve desired performance and results. An open communication improves team work as discussed (Belbin 2012). Communication plays a vital role in team effectiveness and teamwork. However, verbal communication sometimes creates misunderstandings among team members. Thus effective teams often rely on written communication which provides record, better transparency and clarity. In effective teams, communication plays a role of paramount importance to resolve conflicts among team members. Communication among members of a team results in free flow of ideas within the team and thus teams which communicate effectively can foster creativity and innovation among team members. There are appropriate methods for communication which are adopted by members of an effective team (Broadbent 2013). These methods of communication include face-to-face communications, group meeting, letter, memos, e-mail. An effective team clearly identifies barriers to communication among team members and develops ways to overcome these barriers to increase productivity among team members. The barriers to communication within a team can be due to issues related to culture and diversity, physical distractions, conflicts among team members, lack of understanding and physical barriers among members of a team as it is clearly reflected in virtual teams where team members are physically dispersed. In an effective team, the team members use effective verbal communication skills and written communication is clear, concise and professional. Listening skills are of paramount importance in effective teams. Team members of a highly productive team uses appropriate listening techniques like encouraging, clarifying, paraphrasing, reflecting, summarizing and validating. The team members should adopt empathy while listening to each other (Cooke et. al 2013). Non-verbal communication also plays a vital role in effective teams. Use of proper gesture is of paramount importance in certain teams like cross-cultural teams. Communication helps to motivate team members and create shared identity among members of an effective te am. Effective communication build trust among members of a team and team members can share their ambitions and goals among each other and celebrate their accomplishments of goals by communicating effectively. Thus communication increases the productivity of the team. It is essential to skillfully handle the thoughts, emotions and feelings of members of a team for building an effective team. An open communication model increases the emotional intelligence of team members and they are able to empathize with each other to handle crisis in an effective way. Team members work together on a project and have common goals and thus conflict arises among team members due to difference of opinion (Walumbwa, Morrison and Christensen 2012). Constructive conflicts are important to team members because it helps in free flow of ideas and lead to brainstorming. Communication plays a vital role in resolving conflicts among team members of an effective team. In a highly productive team, there is an op en communication model and managers of the team communicate effectively with team members. An effective team receives clear flow of information about goals and objectives because mangers communicate effectively with team members. However, there is little research on communication styles in effective team. Though research shows evidence that team members of effective teams communicate with external environment to gather information about customers, competitors and market. Ethics and ethical communication can be linked with team work, team productivity and effectiveness of a team. Organizational ethics are clearly communicated among members of a team and team members of an effective team abide by a set of ethical values .Ethics like integrity, trust, honesty, justice, respect, responsibility, reasonableness are important to guide the team members during ethical dilemma. The members of an effective team abide by organizational ethics like implementing best quality in organizational process to create value for customers, respecting diversity among team members and creating strategies to fit the values, visions and goals of an organization. The members of an effective team follow a code of ethics. Unethical behavior from team members is detrimental for the reputation of an organization, thus effective teams are made aware about the organizational ethics from the beginning of team formation. Effective teams receive training on ethical programs from manager s and team leaders. Mangers of an effective team abide by ethical code of conduct and thus act as role models for members of a team. The members of an effective team emulate the ethical behaviors of their managers and thus the code of conduct becomes more credible for members of the team (Ghorbanhosseini 2013).Members of an effective team are rewarded for following the ethical code of conduct so that they can act as a source of inspiration and can set example for rest of the employees of an organization. Research shows that business organizations get involved in several ethical issues because the present business scenario is competitive and volatile. One of such ethical issues is stereotyping and discrimination which is prevalent among team members of a diverse team in a global organizational setting. Biases and judgments are developed towards members of a team who belong to different culture and ethnicity which is unethical and results in decrease in productivity among team members . Ethical communication plays a vital role to manage a diverse team and to handle both surface level and deep level diversity among team members (Ferri 2014). Ethical communication leads to equality and fair judgment among members of an effective team. It is reflected from literature that organizations get involved in ethical issues like poor focus on quality in organizational and business process. Ethical communication plays a vital role to resolve this type of ethical issue because the standards, expectations and objectives about the quality are clearly communicated to members of an effective team before the commencement of a project. Organizational teams get involved in ethical issues like customer dissatisfaction due to inadequate market research about the expectations and buying behavior of customers (Tjosvold and Tjosvold 2015).Ethical communication can play an important role to handle a customer-related crisis and by adopting a clear ethical communication model, members of an effective team can develop an informative communication model for customers (Ulmer, Sellnow and Seeger 2013).Also ethical communication plays vital role to handle issues like unfair judgment because of ambiguity in understanding roles and responsibilities among team members. Members of an effective team communicate ethically among each other and thus have clear idea about individual roles (Tubbs 2012). It can be concluded that there are various models for team effectiveness. There is evidence from the models of team effectiveness that team work and cohesion among team members increases the productivity of a team. The models of team effectiveness reflect that organizational support plays a pivotal role in effective teams. It is revealed from literature that communication can be linked with team effectiveness and productivity of a team. A clear communication approach can build cohesion among team members and help in building trust among members of an effective team. Both verbal and non-verbal communication is important in effective teams and direct communication like face-to-face communication is more effective than indirect mode of communication. Communication can also be linked with ethics. Members of an effective team follow a code of ethics. Ethical communication play vital role in resolving issues related to discrimination and biases within a diverse team and ensures fair judgme nt within team members. Ethical communication resolves issues related to conflicts that arise due to difference in opinion among team members. University students undertake teamwork throughout their studies to prepare themselves well for future when they will enter corporate world and have to collaborate with team members. Teamwork increases flexibility, adaptability and emotional intelligence among university students. Organizations should adopted flatter structures with less hierarchy and follow an open communication model to boost teamwork. It is recommended that managers and team leaders should act as role model during ethical training programs. Team members should receive training about organizational ethics. Reference Lists Belbin, R.M., 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Berlin, J.M., Carlstrm, E.D. and Sandberg, H.S., 2012. Models of teamwork: ideal or not? A critical study of theoretical team models.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,18(5/6), pp.328-340. Bovee, C.L., Thill, J.V. and Raina, R.L., 2016.Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Cooke, N.J., Gorman, J.C., Myers, C.W. and Duran, J.L., 2013. Interactive team cognition.Cognitive science,37(2), pp.255-285. Ferri, G., 2014. Ethical communication and intercultural responsibility: A philosophical perspective.Language and Intercultural Communication,14(1), pp.7-23. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. and Egido, C., 2014.Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Ghorbanhosseini, M., 2013. The effect of organizational culture, teamwork and organizational development on organizational commitment: The mediating role of human capital.Tehni?ki vjesnik,20(6), pp.1019-1025. Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K., 2015.The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. Harvard Business Review Press. Krner, M., Wirtz, M.A., Bengel, J. and Gritz, A.S., 2015. Relationship of organizational culture, teamwork and job satisfaction in interprofessional teams.BMC health services research,15(1), p.243. Tjosvold, D. and Tjosvold, M., 2015. Teamwork with Customers. InBuilding the Team Organization(pp. 141-150). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Tubbs, S.L., 2012. Human communication: Principles and contexts. Ulmer, R.R., Sellnow, T.L. and Seeger, M.W., 2013.Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Walumbwa, F.O., Morrison, E.W. and Christensen, A.L., 2012. Ethical leadership and group in-role performance: The mediating roles of group conscientiousness and group voice.The Leadership Quarterly,23(5), pp.953-964.

Wordsworth theory of Poetry Essay Example

Wordsworth theory of Poetry Essay The literary criticism of Wordsworth is confined to a small quantity of essays, prefaces and letters. But in them he has propounded ideas of great significance and far-reaching impact. For the first time, one might say, an English critic attempted to elucidate on the nature of poetry and the poetic process. His Lyrical Ballads which was published in collaboration with Coleridge, proved to be a landmark in the history of English literature, though it was not recognized as such at the time of publication. Wordsworth enunciates is theory of poetry in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, 1800. He amplified the ideas in his Preface of 1802. The theory of poetry involves a discussion of the subject matter or theme of poetry, the language suitable for poetry. the function of a poet, and poetic pleasure, His theory of poetry is all the more interesting because it comes from a practising poet, Further, his theory (and practice) served to change the direction of English literature in the nineteenth century. He heralded what is now called in English literature as the Romantic Revival.The nature of poetryWordsworths definition of the nature or poetry as propounded in the 1802 Preface is important, and has to be quoted at length before we go on to discuss the various facets of the theory. He states:I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility; the emotion is contemplated till, by a species of reaction, the tranquility disappears and an emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation. is gradually produced, and does itself actually exist in the mind. In this mood composition generally begins, and in a mood similar to that it is carried on†¦(Preface, 1800)He says in another context;The clear springs of poetry must flow freely and spontaneously-it can not be made to flow through artificially laid pipes†¦Poetry is born, not in the mind, but in the heart overflowin g with feeling. (Preface, 1800)Spontaneous overflow of feelings:When Wordsworth says that poetry is the spontaneous over ­ flow of powerful feeling(Preface, 1800), it is clear that poetry is a matter of mood and inspiration. Poetry evolves from the feelings of the poet. There is spontaneity in the expression of the feelings. Poetrys source is the feelings in the heart, not the ideas of the intellect. A poet cannot write under duress. It is when the mood is upon the poet that poetry flows out of his heart in a natural and fluent manner. Deep emotion is the basic condition of poetry. Powerful feeling and emotion are fundamental. Without them great poetry cannot be written. We see that the emphasis on feeling and emotion is a definite departure from the neo-classical stress on ‘wit’ and intellectual effort. Again, the stress on spontaneity is a clear disavowal of neo-classical tenets.As such, his enunciation of the nature of poetry becomes relevant to his purpose qf writ ing tl1e preface. He was writing a different kind of poetry. The process behind this poetry had to be explained.Emotion recollected in tranquility†: the poetic process:The insistence on spontaneity, however, should not blind us to the fact that Wordsworth does not advocate a chaotic or uncontrolled orgy of emotional out-pouring. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. But Wordsworth adds a corollary that the origin of poetry is from emotion recollected in tranquility. (Preface, 1800)At first glance the two contentions seem contradictory. But Wordsworths theory of poetry involved the reconciliation of the two statements. Powerful feelings and profound thought coalesce in poetry. We have been told that the poet cannot rely on sensibility alone. He has to be a person who has also thought long and deeply. Our continued influences of feeling are modified and directed by our past feelings. A calm mind is equally necessary. We see that Wordsworth unlike later romanti cists, does not minimize the role of thought in poetry.The poetic process has four stages for successful composition to take place. It is not an easy process. The four stages of the process are recollection, contemplation, recrudescence or renewal of the original emotion, and composition. The poet observes or perceives some object, character or situation. It sets up powerful emotions in his mind. The poet does not react to an impression immediately. He allows it to sink into his mind along with the feelings which it has excited. Then comes the recollection of the emotion at a later moment in time. The emotion is recollected in tranquility, and contemplated upon. There might be a time lapse of several years between the original feeling of emotion and the recollection of it. In the mind of the poet the emotions remains till its accidentals or casual ingredients have been precipitated. The original impression has now been purged of superfluous material. Memory, naturally, plays an impo rtant role at this stage. The process is slow. But it is only through such a process of filtering that the personal emotion is transformed into the universal.After contemplation, comes the gradual revival of the emotion which is felt by the poet originally. It is important to remember here that Wordsworths phrasing is careful. He says: An emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced, and does itself actually exist in the mind. (Preface, 1800)The word to note is .kindred. The fresh emotional state of the poet is related to, and not identical with the state of excitement produced originally. The emotion has, apparently enough, been purged of accidentals. It now constitutes a state of enjoyment’.The poet does not, however, remember the original experience in cold blood as it were. In the poet’s mind, the emotion which accompanied the original impression revives when the impression is recalled. Thus at the moment of creation , the tranquility is no longer there. It has been replaced by emotional excitement. The creative activity carries with it pleasure, indeed, an over- balance of pleasure, as Wordsworth calls it. In the process of poetic composition, the mind is, upon the whole, in a state of enjoy ­ment. There will be a reflection of this pleasure in the poetic composition. The poets function is to share this joy with his readers to communicate this over-balance of pleasure to his audience. The poet is able to do this precisely because he possesses the power of communication in a higher degree than other men. He is able to communicate his emotions in such a way that the reader feels pleasure. We see that the spontaneous overflow described by Wordsworth is of a highly sophisticated order.The end or the function of poetryThe end of poetry is to impart pleasure. It, says Wordsworth firmly, is not to be considered as a degradation of the poets art. Pleasure is the grand elementary principle, which make s man feel, live, move and gain knowledge. We feel sympathy, because through sympathy we get pleasure. Even the painful an pathetic elements of life must be so communicated that it would be productive of pleasure. The poet himself is in a state of enjoyment at the moment of creation. He seeks to communicate the pleasure to the reader.The pleasure communicated by poetry, however, is not idle pleasure, mere trivial entertainment or diversion like rope-dancing. Poetic pleasure is of a deeper and more beautiful kind, for poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge, the impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science.† (Preface, 1800) Poetry aims at winning the vacant and the vain to noble Raptures.(Preface, 1800) It aims at evoking a feeling of love for human nature. Wordsworth hoped that, with his poetry, he would be able to console the afflicted, to add sunshine to daylight by making the happy happier; to lead the young and gracious of every age to se e, to! think, and to feel, and therefore, to become more actively and securely virtuous. (Preface, 1800) Poetrys pleasure is of the kind that ennobles and edifies readers. It is the pleasure through which one gains increased knowledge.With Wordsworth, we see the rehabilitation of pleasure to a primary position. It is a major item in the romantic creed which he was out to establish. However, he insists that the pleasure is of a deep and noble kind.Subject matter or themes of poetryThe Lyrical Ballads was written with the purpose of showing how the common objects or characters could be made to appear in an unusual light, by throwing over them a coloring of the imagination. Wordsworth states his object of choosing incidents and situations from common life. His purpose was to trace the primary laws of our nature. To illustrate these primary laws,humble and rustic life was generally chosen, because in that condition, the essential passions of the heart find a better soil in which they ca n attain their maturity, are less under restraint and speak a plainer and more emphatic language; because in that condition of life our elementary feelings coexist in a state of greater simplicity   because the manners of rural life germinate from those elementary feelings and are more durable; and lastly, because in that condition the passions of men are incorporated with the beautiful forms of nature .† (Preface, 1800)Wordsworth felt that the subject of poetry had been too long restricted to the upper strata of society. He wanted to extend the range of poetic subject. He felt that the universal elements of human nature, which a poet sought to express in his poetry, were found in a purer and simpler state in the rustic and common people. These people, living as they did in close proximity with nature; absorbed the beautiful and permanent grandeur of nature. He believed in the ­ innate, goodness of the simple and homespun country folk.Wordsworth considered feeling and emo tion to be of a greater importance than situation and incident-feeling developed in a poem gives importance to the action and situation, and net the ­ action and situation to the feeling. He discards Aristotelian doctrine. For him, it is the feeling that matters.Language of poetryThe advocacy of going to the common and rustic folk for the subject matter of poetry, naturally gave rise to the preference for a language used by these people. Thus arose Wordsworths theory of the language of poetry. The themes being simple, the language would also be simple. It must be a selection of the language really spoken by men and it must be â€Å"language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adapted to the purposes of poetic pleasure.† (Advertisement, 1798) Strongly critical of the artificial poetic diction of the eighteenth century, he proposed to use simple and natural language as used by the rustic and common folk. But, he adds, it would be a selection, which w ould rid this language of its provincialities, vulgarities, coarseness and disgusting aspects. In his advocacy of the rear language of men, he declares that there is no essential difference between the language of prose and metrical composition. The poet is a man speaking to men. His language, therefore, should not be different from theirs. The poet thinks and feels in the spirit of human passions. His language, accordingly, should be the language of men.ConclusionWordsworths theory of poetry and the poetic process gave a fresh direction to the practice of poetry in the nineteenth century. Like any other theory, it, too, has its limitations. The conception of poetry as spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings originating in emotion recollected in tranquility could not be an all-inclusive theory of poetry. All poets could not compose in such a manner. But the theory did serve to put emphasis on the importance of feeling and powerful emotions, which are basic to human nature. It serv ed to highlight the end of poetry as being that of communicating pleasure. At the same time, however, Wordsworth gives importance to thought in the composition of poetry-something which later romantics refused to acknowledge. The charge of many modern critics that poetry is not a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, fails to take into account Wordsworths later statement that it originated in emotion recollected in tranquility. Poetry, modern critics say scornfully, is not a dumping ground for emotions. Nor did Wordsworth say it was.