Merit raises

Discuss the problems identified with merit raises. As a manager/owner of your own company what would you do to insure that merit raises fulfilled their intended value? Merit raises are typically continued throughout time and job performance is not evaluated before they occur. Typically, employees decide on a steadily increase and see it as being unrelated to performance, but to the time put forth and loyalty to the said company. For the most part, many do no trust management and dislike the concept of merit raises. These incentives typically become incentives for seniority and not related to how well someone does their job. Some other problems with merit raises include the availability of money may be inadequate to the employees base pay. Managers may also have no guidance in how to define a rate increase and/or how to measure performance to determine future increases. There may be a lack of honesty and belief in trust between employees and managers because of these situations. Any deficiencies involved wiht a performance rate program may not allow this to work in a positive fashion. Organizations such as Boeing, Timex, and Westinghouse have implemented a lump-sum merit program. Employyes with this program receive a single lump-sum increase at the time of their review, not added to their salary, more bonus related. Unless management takes any further action, their salary stays the same until a promotion is offered to them. This allows management to control finances more efficiently. This can be done yearly or several times a year. Ultimately, I believe an evaluation program would need to be implemented in order to create a fair pay scale raise. I would implement ways to evaluate current tasks, success within these tasks, problem-solving and effectiveness in one’s job, and also look for employees who go above and beyond their expectations. All of these issues would be evaluated in order to create a positive, but appealing pay scale increase for employees. This would create a more fair work setting and would allow employees to feel more positive about their job and accomplishing what their responsibilities are.

P&G Japan Essay

Slow, conformist and risk averse – stretch, innovation and speed Leadership Innovation Team implemented a global rollout of Dryel and Swiffer Impact – 18 months after entering the first test market they were on sales in US, Europe, Latin America and Asia Processes Performance-based component of compensation increased from traditional range of 20% to 80%. Extended the reach of stock options to virtually all employees Integrated business planning process where all budget elements of the operating plan could be reviewed and approved together Structure Primary profit responsibility shifted from P&Gs four regional organisation to seven GBUs that would now manage product development, manufacturing and marketing of their respective categories worldwide Charged with standardising manufacturing processes, simplifying brand portfolios and coordinating marketing activities Eliminate bureaucracy and increase accountability Committee responsibilities were transferred to individuals Activities such as accounting, human resources, payroll and much of IT were coordinated through a global business service unit Progression form Ethnocentric/Polycentric- Regiocentric – Geocentric SK-II – within P&G this high-end product had little visibility outside Japan Because Japanese women had by far the highest use of beauty care products in the world, it was natural that the global beauty care category management started to regard Max Factor Japan as a potential source of innovation Working with R&D labs in Cincinatti and the UK, several Japanese technologists participated on a global team that developed a new product involving a durable color base and renewable moisturising second coat – Lipfinity Japanese innovations were than transferred worldwide, as Lipfinity rolled out in Europe and the US within six months of the Japanese launch Implementation of O2005 in July 1999 – half the top 30 managers and a third of the top 3000 were new to their jobs – capabilities do not reside in management Global product development process Technology team assembled at an R&D facility in Cincinnati, drawing the most qualified technologists from its P&G labs worldwide US-based marketing team and Japanese team had the same task – Japanese team came up with SK-II In the end, each market ended up with a distinct product built on a common technology platform. Marketing expertise was also shared, allowing the organisation to exploit local learning Decisions Japanese Opportunity Tapping into P&Gs extensive technological resources – extend the SK-II line beyond its traditional product offerings Although would take a considerable amount of time and effort, it would exploit internal capabilities and external brand image Product innovation and superior in-store service – competitive advantage in Japan China Operating since 1988 only Entrepreneurial beauty care manager in China Some were worried that SK-II would be a distraction to P&Gs strategy of becoming a mainstream Chinese company and to its competitive goal of entering 600 Chinese cities ahead of competitors Targeting an elite consumer group with a niche product was not in keeping with the objective of reaching the 1. 2 billion population with laundry, hair care, oral care, diapers and other basics Europe De Cesare – new the European market well Without any real brand awareness or heritage, would SK-II’s mystique transfer to a Western market Organisational constraint De Cesare recognised that his decision needed to comply with the organisational reality in which it would be implemented Jager – openly questioned how well some of the products in the beauty care business fit in the P&G portfolio – the fashion-linked and promotion-driven sales models neither played well to P&G’s â€Å"stack it high, sell it cheap† marketing skills nor exploited its superior technologies From a local to a global focus

Being Brought from Africa to America

Deonca Pierce ENG 350 American Literature I 2 September 2011 Response paper 3: â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America† To the literary world, Phillis Wheatley is recognized as the first black American poet (Archiving Early America, 2011). At the young age of seven, Phillis Wheatley was stolen from her homeland of Africa and sold into slavery to John Wheatley becoming the personal slave servant to his wife, Susannah Wheatley. She was taught to read and write English as well as the study of Latin and English literature. Due to this advantage, she began to write poetry that encompassed her Christian faith, her abduction from Africa and learned histories. (Woodlief, A. ) One of her most notable poems is, â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America†. Within this poem, she utilizes words that can have the reader perplexed wondering if she was fully cognizant of the time and her status, a slave. In this poem she employs many words, there true meaning hidden within the text, which gives way to her knowledge and understanding of self and surroundings. It reads: ‘Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land, The use of this phrase can be interpreted as being taken from a land void of Christianity and being delivered into the Christian faith. Taught my benighted soul to understand That there’s a God, that there’s a Savior too: †¢The word benighted means to be in a state of moral or intellectual darkness. This represents her once lack of knowledge and faith before becoming a slav e. Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, â€Å"Their color is a diabolic dye. † †¢The color of sable is a very dark shade of black fur that is considered valuable and alluring. In contrast, she references to it being a diabolic dye impresses upon the negative thoughts and feelings of others toward her race and status. Remember Christians; Negros, black as Cain, May be refin’d, and join th’ angelic train. (Phillis Wheatley, AEA) †¢The last two lines points to state that Christians are treating their fellow man Negros, Blacks in the same manner as Cain treated his brother (NKJV, 11), void of regard, love or acceptance. Furthermore, that as Christians all, black and white can come together as one, knowing the Savior. Phillis Wheatley understood her burden and her blessing. Giving glory to God as well as accepting her fate not being ashamed but rather thankful for the negative cause that turned into a positive effect for her. Works Cited â€Å"Genesis 4. † New King James Version. Earl D. Radmacher, Ronald B. Allen, H. Wayne House, eds. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1982 â€Å"Phillis Wheatley: Americas first Black Woman Poet. † Archiving Early America. 2 Sept. 2011 Sable. â€Å"Dictionary. com. † 2 Sept. 2011 Woodlief, A. â€Å"On Phillis Wheatley. † 2 Sept. 2011

Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Article Example Analysis Different people have different preferences when they choose a hotel to spend a night or eat a meal. Some of these qualities are influenced by price, location, service and suitability. Moreover, apart from choice of hotel, people travel to different destinations based on different reasons. As a result, the hotel industry has been affected greatly by different factors such as tourism or events like sports. We will look at business travel and sports tourism as analysed by two different academic journals. Business Travel: Business travellers are one the largest segments of people who drive the hotel industry. Most of these travellers prefer stating at mid-level hotels and some select prefer luxury hotels for their superior service. As a result, hotels located in the mid-level segment are known to offer services to customer based on certain qualities. Some to the qualities include fair prices, rewards scheme and good service (Swarbrooke,  2012). During the recent economic down turn that affected a lot of industries and sectors, the hotel industry was also greatly affected (Bowen, 2009, pp. 32-37). As a result, many hotel chains such as the Marriot International hotels strategically made it possible for their mid level hotels to position themselves in attracting business travellers. Mid-level hotels have segmented their business in such a way that it allows for people to enjoy long stay at the hotel with different services being offered (Kandampully, 2007, pp. 63). As a result, a lot of people enjoy amenities such as fast internet, conference rooms and breakfast offerings that would endear business travellers to such hotels (Knutson, 2009, pp. 38). Hotels like the Cairo Marriot hotel and the Marriot Mumbai International Airport hotels are examples of hotels which are built purposely for catering to the needs of business travellers. The Marriot hotel chain is an example of a hotel chain that has perfected the art of attracting business travellers. The hotel chain has done this through offering a loyalty program that targets constant and loyal customers. The loyalty program allows loyal customers to earn points which give them an opportunity of getting discounts and hotel packages unlike other customers (Davidson,  2008). Sports Tourism: this is the newest phenomena in the world of travel and in the hotel industry due to the number of people who travel. As a result, there are a lot of people who travel to different sporting events with the hope and aim of attending to these events. Events such as the World Cup, Summer Games, UEFA Champions League and other sporting events attract a lot of fans and sportsmen or women who visit these events create a new kind of tourism that boosts the hotel industry (Knutson, 2009, pp. 36). As a result, a lot of hotels offer services such as quality service such as good food and ambience that allows a fan or sports person to make use of hotel amenities in the event of attending the sporting event (Prit chard, 2003, pp 64-65). Some hotels offer services such as guided tours to stadiums, good gyms and training facilities for sport travellers. Some hotels also offer secrecy and exclusivity that is needed by sport people who need a lot exclusion to train and concentrate on their games. Another offering that is used by hotels is location in terms of closeness to sports venues and

A simple convenient DNA collection and storage method for GWAS Essay

A simple convenient DNA collection and storage method for GWAS analysis using FTA - Essay Example Fujita (2006). It comprises of a cellulose-based matrix containing chemicals for cell lysis and nucleic acid preservation.   The chemicals are activated when a biological fluid contacts the surface.   An additional feature of this chemical treatment is bacterial and viral inactivation.   Not only are the biosamples protected from microbial growth contamination, but the user is also protected from any potential biohazards present in the biosample.   These features make FTA paper an ideal medium for transporting bioamples at room temperature without the requirement of a biohazard shipping label. FTA paper is a commonly used substrate for DNA storage in a number of industries such as pharmaceutics, law enforcement, agriculture and governmental regulatory agencies.   This medium has been available commercially for a number of years by Whatman Inc., who have demonstrated that DNA stored on FTA paper has a long, useful lifetime.   In fact, suitability for use of DNA recovered from up to seventeen year-old biosamples in human identification assays has been demonstrated, inarguably. and aniline dyes; or liver tumours and vinyl chloride). The high prevalence of limb malformations in newborns in the late 1950s was ultimately found to be due to the mothers’ ingestion of thalidomide during pregnancy. German National Ethics Council (2004). However genetic epidemiology studies not individuals but population groups. Biobanks serve as large molecular repositories where a large amount of data in the form of DNA from diverse sources can be compared. For example, the United Kingdom BioBank intends to archive the genetic material of 5,00,000 individuals as mentioned in UK Biobank literature. Large series of samples from donors (several hundred to several thousand) with a given multifactorial hereditary condition – such as hypertension, cancer, diabetes, asthma or epilepsy – are compared with corresponding series from healthy donors. The

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

History - Essay Example In 539 B.C., armies of King Cyrus swept into Mesopotamia and managed to capture Babylon. They then took over northern Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor, Canaan as well as the Phoenician cities. Of importance to note is the fact that Cyrus the Great showed all his new subjects great kindness; and his good treatment to them played a significant role in holding his empire together. Cyrus also had an army of professional soldiers trained – sometimes they conquered without bloodshed. In order to connect their holdings, which were obviously extensive, the Persians built roads, with the Royal Road stretching from Asia Minor to the Persian capital, Susa. The Persians also set up wayside stations to supply king’s messengers with fresh horses as well as food and shelter. What is more is that the leaders who followed Cyrus did not cease to add to the Persian territory – they conquered a region northeast of Greece called western India, Egypt, as well as Thrace (Spielvogel 132). Another thing worth noting is what the rulers did to the Persian Empire when it became bigger and therefore very challenging to manage. The government needed reorganization to make it manageable, which King Darius did following his coming to the throne in 521 B.C.

Notions of genetic discrimination,genetic determinism,and a Term Paper

Notions of genetic discrimination,genetic determinism,and a utilitarian comparison - Term Paper Example Portrayals of scientific fact in the mainstream media are, to most scientists, for the most part inaccurate descriptions of legitimate research methods.One aspect of scientific research that the media commonly misrepresents is that related to genetic research. For instance, a study may be published associating on average a specific gene with a certain quantifiable behavior. The media, upon receiving word of this research, will change the wording of the story in order to sensationalize and sell the story as newsworthy, often relying on words like â€Å"cause†. Over time, the public has started to perceive â€Å"genes† as the causal determinants of our actions, our lives, and our decisions. This view, called â€Å"genetic determinism†, lies at the root of many fears about the specter of â€Å"genetic discrimination†, which many believe is on the horizon for developed countries where genome maps are becoming increasingly cheap. Nevertheless, it is not clear w hether genetic discrimination will grow to become the problem many are forecasting. From an ethical perspective, the problem of genetic discrimination may not lie solely in the act of discriminating against an individual based on his or her genome; rather, the problem may lie in people’s fears about a genetic bias, which may cause some not to seek a diagnosis. Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that the moral content of an act (or rule) consists solely of the degree to which it maximizes happiness (or utility) in the greatest number of people. In other words, the good toward which all of our actions ought to pursue, under the utilitarian theory, is happiness, pleasure, or preference-satisfaction. Accordingly, if by ending the life of one person we save the life of twenty persons, then that act is not only allowable but also preferred under the utilitarian theory. Utilitarianism does have intuitive appeal insofar as any living being will seek to maximize its pleasure and min imize its pain. This moral theory acknowledges this fact and places happiness as the good toward which we evaluate all actions as either moral or immoral. The Utilitarian Argument against Discrimination Under a utilitarian framework, the argument against discrimination in any context follows from the assumption that society will be better off, or enriched, by the contributions of as many people as possible. Thus, if people were to be discriminated against in some fashion, their contributions to society (and ideas on how to make society better) would be lost without an audience. Therefore, as the argument goes, it is wrong to discriminate against people without looking at their character or actions. Utilitarians believe that policies like affirmative action, which are aimed at producing an equal society, are good in that they produce the most happiness for the highest number of people, primarily for the reason given above. However, if this equality lowered the overall good of society , utilitarians would immediately change their mind with respect to the equality-building measures. Likewise, in the case of genetic discrimination, utilitarians usually adopt legislation and other measures to counter the effects of discriminatory practices; nevertheless, if it were to be proven that equality-building attempts (such as banning mandatory genetic testing for new employees) hurt society, utilitarians would be obligated to change their opinions with respect to that situation. The Nature of Genetic Discrimination Genetic discrimination relates to making decisions because of genetic information when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, or any other term or condition of employment (EEOC, 2010). Employers cannot utilize genetic informati

Discuss mild cognitive impairment. Including the pathophysiology, Research Paper

Discuss mild cognitive impairment. Including the pathophysiology, symptoms, and prevelance - Research Paper Example The victims develop thinking problems are do not correspond to their age, but the symptoms are less severe compared to those of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). When an individual has MCI, the memory problem may be minimal to mild and at times may be rarely recognizable. In contrast to AD, which causes a gradual decline in cognitive abilities, in MCI memory insufficiency many remain stable for quite long. In some cases, such confirmation of memory loss by a relative, the MCI may progress and transform into AD (Gauthier & Rosa-Neto, 2011) In Mild Cognitive Impairment, the cognitive abilities are more than expected age-related changes but remain functional. As a result, MCI components may be amnestic and non-amnestic forms. MCI’s pathophysiology is multifactorial where amnestic MCI form roots from pathologic variations in AD that are not yet severe to cause dementia. Non-amnestic MCI relates to the cerebrovascular complication, front temporal dementia or no particular pathology. The diagnosis majorly acknowledges the fact that the victim can carry out all their regular activities successfully, without any additional assistance other than they previously required. First, the individual may complain of the typical problem in remembering the identity of people they recently met or trouble recognizing the immediate conversation flow. Additionally, the individual may experience increased tendency to misplace items or associated difficulties. In many scenarios, the individual will be well conversant with those problems and will counteract by always relying on notes and reminders (Gauthier & Rosa-Neto, 2011). The problems are less severe in comparison to the neurophysiological findings that relates to Alzheimer’s disease. In some instances, the victims may have mild problems in carrying out daily activities such as hobbies and another regular thing they did in the past. The old age individuals are more likely to experience MCI that is if they do have a direct

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example There are six main factors, which affect the employee behavior at the workplace. These factors include communication, organizational structure, work design, organizational design, jobs, and performance appraisal. All of these factors play a considerable role in shaping the behaviors of the employees working for any company or organization. Let us discuss how organizational communication affects employee behavior at the workplace. Organizational communication is somewhat different from simple form of communication. In simple communication, people can transmit any kind of information anywhere or can send messages to each other whereas organizational communication refers to the concept of sending work related messages or transmitting information to different kinds of audiences at the workplace. Organizational communication is a field, which makes employees learn effective communication skills from each other.   Consistency of the messages with goals, objectives, strategies, and implem entation plans is very important in organizational communication. Organizational communication is based on two general approaches, which include container approach and social constructionist approach. In container’s approach, a channel is used to transmit information from the sender to the receiver whereas in social constructionist approach, employees make use of language to create different teams, networks, and relationships. Communication is a process, which involves a sender and a receiver.... In container’s approach, a channel is used to transmit information from the sender to the receiver whereas in social constructionist approach, employees make use of language to create different teams, networks, and relationships. Study of organizational communication plays a very critical role in shaping communication behaviors of the employees, which eventually lead to the creation of a productive work environment. Communication Process Model Communication is a process, which involves a sender and a receiver. The sender sends a message to the communication channel, which encodes the message and sends it to the receiving end where the receiving end first decodes the message and then presents it to the receiver. The receiver provides the feedback to the sender, which make the communication process more effective. Encoding and decoding of a message is based on one’s own perceptions, which include the concepts of feelings, cultural values, attitudes, and behaviors. The thr ee main components involved in a communication process include channel of communication, environment or circumstances of communication, and interference that occurs during communication. Formal and Informal Communication Formal communication takes place through formal channels whereas informal communication takes place through informal channels. Formal communication plays its role in maintaining authority relationship whereas informal communication never includes lines of the authority. Formal communication takes place due to job related needs whereas informal communication takes place due to personal needs of the employees. Formal communication needs proper location whereas in formal communication can be done anywhere. Answer: No: 2 Key Areas of

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Supply chain management - Essay Example This involves buying the necessary products, and upgrading, recycling, installing, maintaining or replacing them. The effective principle in consumption is to resolve the problems encountered by consumers and for this to be achievable, one must apply proper information about the consumption of a product. The principle provides that one should not put the customer on waiting and this is achievable by removing all barriers, which involve queuing, which may lead to time wasting. It’s further aimed at ensuring that the customer access whatever they need and this obtainable by putting in place measures that are workable, add value to products by applying cost effective measures and it also provide that the goods should be made valuable upon request by consumer and this can be achieved by working closely with the customers. The above principles can be achieved by application of effective consumption, provision and production of products. Since these principles are easy to comprehend and apply then they are compatible with any line of production. How leaders make effectiveness stick To make the efficiency principles to be constant, there is the need for motivation. This can be in the form of rewards such as promotions and bonuses. The efficiency tools and techniques can be used in budgeting and other preparations in order to work well. It is also advisable to keep track of the results. For the lean idea to work, the people working should have positive attitudes and be determined on making it work. This goes a long way in making them focused. This can be done by setting up standards that need to be met and making any necessary developments. There is need for pilot tests to prove that the efforts are beneficial. Therefore, from the above point, it is true to say that implementation of the lean is the determining factor in whether it will stick or not. There is also need for some motivation for the people in order to show them that it can result in good and signif icant change. Application of strategy This has been developed from Toyota’s â€Å"Hoshin Kanri†, being basis of its planning and implementation methods. In this era, the markets demands for very little mistake, emphasizing the necessity of strategizing. It is also wise to approach it in a different manner, which is unique and focuses on entrepreneurship. Having strategies is important in lean as it allows analyzing getting results. This should be focused on making plans, making the problems known and getting solutions to those problems. This can be done through approaches that make the process of adjusting a bit easier. Problems can be either big, which are usually less, medium and small ones which are the most. By breaking the problems down to small pieces to investigate on its nature and analyzing it using the five why analyses, it is possible to gather solutions and the possible and best measures to take. Intuition is also an important aspect to include in the strat egy. The aforementioned gives very detailed ideas on correcting problems in small bits. The

The Horror Genre Essay Example for Free

The Horror Genre Essay The horror genre is based on fear, predominantly visual, psychological and atmospherical. A very good horror may even be able to affect you physically, making you too scared to go to sleep, turn the light off or the hairs on the back of your neck stand up. The Blair Witch Project uses suspense in the way that you never get to see what is actually following the students in the woods, making you use your imagination, which can be much scarier than anything you can see. It also sets the scene at the start of the film when they ask people on the streets about the woods, and when they all say bad things you now something bad is going to happen. This happens in a similar but different form in The Superstitious Mans Story. At the start of the story it straight away sets William Privett up to be a bit strange, not in the literal sense, but in a way that he has a strange presence. The narrator says, and I quote: if he was in the house or anywhere behind your back without you seeing him, there seemed to be something clammy in the air, as if a cellar door was opened close by your elbow. The Sexton (church caretaker) says that: hed not known the bell go so heavy in his hand for years and he feared it meant death in the parish. This is like the towns-people at the start of Blair Witch; you are given the feeling that something bad is going to happen. In Silence of the Lambs after the killer, Buffalo Bill, takes a victim he puts a moth inside their mouth. Although William Privett was not murdered, a miller-moth flies out of his mouth when he is found dead in The Superstitious Mans Story. The strange thing about this is the fact that he hasnt worked in a mill for several years. At that same time Philip Hookhorn (a towns-man) was at Longpuddle Spring and saw William there, and this was peculiar because William never went there, on account that that was the place his only son drowned as a child. So it could be said that the miller-moth that came out of his mouth could have been his soul or spirit escaping from his body. His spirit may have been out of his body earlier on in the story also, because his wife Betty could have sworn that she felt him go past her while she was ironing, even though she never looked or exchanged words with him. Nancy Weedle, a friends daughter, also says that she saw William out at the same time. But Nancy saw him going in to the church on Midsummer Eve, and any faint shapes of all the folk in the parish who are going to be at deaths door within the year can be seen entering the church. The people who recover from their illness come out after a while. Notice the way that Betty felt William go by her, indicating that the unexplained, clammy aurora that he seems to have could actually be his spiritual being. This story gives me the impression that you have to be in touch with your spiritual side, believing in ghosts and other strange phenomena. But this of course was written in the eighteenth century, around the same time that Edgar Allen Poe wrote the poem The Raven, which features a talking Raven and angels. Nowadays with scientific knowledge and facts, and better common sense you dont get many people finding supernatural stories believable, but the intended audience of the time would have been affected by it. IT is a good horror film. It shows us that anything can have a dark-side, as the killer in it is a clown, which is usually a happy, entertaining character. If you look at it in a certain way, Night Fears is also like this, dealing with the other sides to the human psyche, but it has other factors that conform to the horror genre. The situation that his job as night watchman has put him in, all alone at night with a fire the only light available, plus the fact that hes uneasy about taking the job, is something that is often seen in horror films. You get the impression hes unsettled with the job practically straight away, when it says just four lines into the story: Two days ago, when he first took the job, he was in inclined to suspect the light; it dazzled him, made a target of him This shows that he feels vulnerable when he is alone at work, that the small source of light he has in front of him simply makes every where else seem darker. While walking around on patrol he find himself dozing off, but one time when he reawakens he sees that there is a person sitting on the barrier to his enclosure. He straightaway finds something unusual about the man, the fact that he did not hear him approach or sit onto the barrier. I feel that he didnt hear him coming could have something to do with him dozing off slightly as he was walking. He reacts to his presence calmly, assuming that hes a drunk, and tries to usher him on his way home. Then the stranger says the first thing that spooks the watchman. When he says: A fine night, the stranger replies by saying, Yes, but cold; it will be colder before morning. At this point the night watchman turns to his brazier, and he suddenly realises that his coke supply is not as much as the previous nights, and that it is running out. When the watchman tells the stranger that this is the reason for the lack of heat coming from the fire, he begins to attack him further. how easily men forget? This coke of yours, I mean; it looks as if they didnt care about you very much, leaving you in the cold like this. This statement strikes the watchman particularly odd as that thought had just crossed his mind, and eerily the stranger picked up on it. The watchman tries to get that thought out of his mind quickly, by dismissing the strangers suggestion by saying that they probably just forgot to leave him any as they were rushing to get home. But then he contradicts himself by admitting that he doesnt know his co-workers that well, and that he has a feeling that the one they call Old Bill doesnt like him, and it was Old Bills task to leave him the nights supply of coke. The watchman then reveals that he is growing impatient with the stranger: How I would like to push him off, the night-watchman thought, irritated and somehow troubled. The two of them carry on like this for quite a while, with the stranger bringing up problems like money, sleeping during the day and not spending time with his family. With the problem of sleeping during the day the stranger says: People have done themselves in sooner than stand the torture This is an important part of the story as it is the first time that death is mentioned, and this is the main point you would when explaining why the night watchman killed himself. He thought that the blue blinds that his wife were making him would solve his insomnia, but this statement by the stranger even puts doubts in his mind about this, something that he once described as a Sovereign remedy. Then the stranger starts to get personal when he starts talking about his family: What about your children? You wont see much of them theyll grow up without knowing you not that you miss them much if children dont get fond of their father while theyre young, they never will At this point I feel that the watchman is starting to lose it, as he doesnt defend himself by saying how good the kids were, even though before the thought of his children and wife was the only this getting him through the night. The stranger then suggests that he should find another job; maybe the stranger is after the job as night watchman and is trying to scare him out of the job. The stranger seams to actually be taking control as the next quote shows: I was never brought up to a trade fathers fault It struck him that he had never confessed that before; had sworn not to give his father away. What am I coming to? This sudden control that the man has over the mind of the watchman strongly shows that the stranger was probably in his head all along, and that the doubtful side of his conscious has taken the form of this stranger. This, getting into his mind, by the stranger happens again as the watchman realises that he is soaked with perspiration: I shall get a chill, thatll be the next thing such an idea hadnt occurred to him since he was a child. This indicates that the stranger is getting deeper and deeper into his thoughts, and has now got so deep it has reached thoughts that he had not conceived since he was a child. The stranger then says: Its a pity youre under contract to finish this job As the night watchman did not mention anything about a contract, this is a pivotal moment if you are trying to understand who or what the stranger actually is, as it narrows it down to two possibilities. He is either a man after the watchmans job, as he has found out from somewhere that there is a contract involved, or he is the watchmans imagination, and he knows about the contract from the watchmans memory. The night watchman soon after starts to walk and stumble around his confinement aimlessly, banging his own head as random thoughts start to go through his mind. Then one particular thought stands out from all the confusion, as he reaches into his pocket for his knife to kill himself. The stranger then turns around for the first time and sees the watchman dead on the floor. He then warms his hands on the brazier before crossing the street and starting down an ally and did not return. Just a few moments ago when I narrowed the stranger down to two possible things, I have now decided that the stranger was the night watchmans conscious. I feel this way because I dont think that it could have been a man after his job because of the fact that he went into the ally-way and did not return. If he were a real person this would suggest that he was a homeless man, and therefore would not be after a job. The Superstitious Mans Story is a story that requires you to believe in ghosts for you to really get the effect of it. At the time it was written it was common for people to believe in that kind of thing, as there was no way to prove that ghosts didnt exist. Night Fears how ever is a more recent story and is more of a psychological story, not telling you clearly what happens at the end and leaving you to make up you own mind. In conclusion I think that Night Fears is a more effective horror story as it is more up to date and in touch with my generation, as the idea of a psychological horror is still used even in the films of today.

Plan for Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles Entering Hong Kong Markets Essay Example for Free

Plan for Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles Entering Hong Kong Markets Essay Introduction Nowadays, the problem of global warming and greenhouse effect has raised concern all over the world. During energy generation, Fossil fuel releases large amount of chemical substances that exacerbates the problem. However, nowadays, there is still a great dependence on fossil fuel for generating energy in Hong Kong. To overcome the problem, hydrogen fuel is an opportunity for our society to minimize the environmental effects, enhance energy security, and the sustainability of global energy resources. In addition, many countries have been promoting the environmental protection at present. Therefore Hong Kong is not the exception. Our company – Ford has decided to introduce the hydrogen powered vehicle to Hong Kong by exporting from a car factory in United State and promote it to local citizens. In the following, various analyses including PESTLE analysis, marketing strategies, market entry modes, international operation management, and hiring and employee management will be illustrated. The Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal and Environmental dimensions Political The Hong Kong Government has introduced some policies in promoting low air pollutants emitted transport. Firstly, tax Incentives for environmental friendly vehicles is provided. A 45% reduction in the first registration tax, subject to a cap of HK$75,000 per car, will be offered to buyers of newly registered environment-friendly cars. In addition, the government also encourages trial of green and low-carbon transport technologies. The Government has set up a $300 million Pilot Green Transport Fund for application by the public transport trade and goods vehicle owners. For vehicles, the subsidy level is the price premium between the alternative-fueled vehicle and the conventional vehicle or 50% of the cost of the alternative-fueled vehicle and 50% of the setting up cost of the related support facilities. The policies give lots of incentives to the users to transfer their car to the hydrogen powered one. Economic Hong Kong is a developed and affluent country. According to the statistic of Census and Statistics Department, in the second quarter of 2012, the Hong Kong Gross Domestic Product for is $473,171 million. And the private consumption expenditure increases by 3. 1% in the real term. The per capita GDP is $273,657 million in 2011. Moreover, there is about 55% of population belong to the middle class (people who receive income above median). The family monthly income is also rated 17 thousands to 30 thousand. It reflects that the hydrogen powered vehicle is affordable to the upper and middle class. Hong Kong is a high potential market for our product. Socio-cultural Hong Kong people are highly educated with a strong perception of environmental protection. With the rising environmental promotion from the government, the awareness of green concept is becoming popular gradually. Firstly, citizens promote going green in order to alleviate the air pollution problem. Secondly, a higher living standard can be achieved with improved air quality. Thirdly, our product promotes the use of renewable energy. Thus it helps solving the problem of energy shortage. Our product will attract local citizens with high environmental awareness. Technological The infrastructures and facilities in Hong Kong are well developed such as Tseng Ma Bridge, and Kwai Tseung Container Terminal is the third busiest port in the world since 2007. The fast and efficient shipping and delivery of the vehicles are supported. Moreover, businesses can obtain technical consultation and professional backup from science parks and the prestigious universities in Hong Kong. For instance, Hong Kong Science Park, Cyber Port, and the University of Hong Kong are well-known. Legal It is lawful to employ the hydrogen car in Hong Kong. Although people sometimes argue that hydrogen cars exist dangerous, we still believe that it will not happen nearly if we can control the quantity of hydrogen we use in cars. We will also set the knock sensor systems in the car to reduce the probability of knock occurrence and the impacts. Europe has just legitimate hydrogen cars and there are not any local laws said that is illegal in Hong Kong. Besides, as the fuel of the hydrogen powered vehicle is not fossil fuel anymore but replaced by hydrogen. Selling and buying large amount of hydrogen is legal in Hong Kong allowing the users to refuel. Environmental Distribution of Hourly API for General Stations for the period October 2012 | | Legend| | API| Percentage| | Severe (201-500)| 0. 00 | | Very High (101-200)| 0. 08 | | High (51-100)| 65. 23 | | Medium (26-50)| 34. 59 | | Low (0-25)| 0. 10 | | | According to the above table, the API for general stations is mainly at medium to high level but more at the high level (65.23%). Serious air pollution is a considerable problem in Hong Kong. Heavy traffic has contributed to the deterioration of the problem. The problem has been negatively affected not only physical health of local citizens, but also the tourism. According to the research from Civic Exchange, there are 90% interviewees, who are Hong Kong citizens, are caring about the issue of air pollution. Besides, the percentage of air quality dissatisfaction raised dramatically compared to 2001. The hydrogen powered car, which will help relieve the problem, will gain support from local citizens. This is an opportunity for our company to introduce hydrogen powered car to Hong Kong. The Market Entry Mode The market entry modes in Hong Kong are Foreign Direct Investment and exporting. Ford will set up a subsidiary to manage the businesses and also establish a specialty shop to promote and sell the hydrogen powered car. The hydrogen powered vehicle will be exported from the plant in China to the store in Hong Kong. Our firm undertakes FDI because of the combination of location advantage, ownership advantage, and internalization advantage. Location advantage Hong Kong has a comprehensive transportation network such as port and flexile highway which is beneficial for exporting the vehicles to Hong Kong. The advanced telecommunication also drives down the cost in communicating with the factory and the consumer. On the other hand, Hong Kong has a number of tax incentives under special arrangements on the Mainland. The key areas, including shipping, aviation, land transport and personal tax, can be exempted from double taxation and enhance the profitability of our firm. Ownership Advantage Ford has a strong brand name with the perception of good reputation and excellent performance of the vehicles in the consumer’s mind. It is useful and easily for promoting the vehicles in Hong Kong in order to gain more sales volume and increase the market share. In addition, our firm also possesses the hydrogen power technology outperforming with its competitors. It is a necessary part for the manufacturing and assists fighting in the keen and saturated competition of fossil fuel-powered automobiles. Internalization Advantage. As hydrogen-powered car is a new market in Hong Kong, Ford can gain a high market share by firstly introducing the car into the new market. Besides, the firms emphasizes on high standard of customer service, there will be better controlling by serving customers by ourselves rather than hiring an independent local company to offer it. For example, there is more clearly explanation and illustration to the queried customers by our experienced staffs. Marketing Strategy of hydrogen powered vehicle Product The factors Hong Kongs business environments have to be considered for the product strategy. For the national image, the brand name of Ford brings good reputation and excellent quality to the consumer’s mind. Consumer has confidence in purchasing our company manufactured vehicles that helps us to enter the market. In addition, hydrogen power is a complicated technology that is difficult to copy that prevents the creation of counterfeit goods. Place Our established specialty shop is responsible for consulting service and selling the hydrogen powered vehicle to the customers. Our distribution network is relatively short (manufacturer, specialty store, customers) to maintain a greater control over the planning and implementation. There is only an exclusive channel – owned specialty in the distribution channel in result of shorter channel length. It saves the cost of owning one store instead of having lots of intermediaries in the distribution channel. Price The pricing strategy our firm used is dual pricing that different selling price abroad than at home. As our firm adopts the differentiation strategy, we set the price based on the Hong Kong buyer’s value as well as the living standard. This method overcomes the problem of exchange rate and fits the local purchasing power which also increases our profitability for selling the vehicles. Promotion As our market and product are both new so that production invention of marketing communication strategy is used. Our firm is going to advertise on the famous car magazines and car forum to promote the new product launch. This can raise the car users’ awareness of this new product. Besides, our firm is going to use Public Relation tools for promotion. Celebrities will be invited to experience the hydrogen-powered vehicle before the product launch. Then the feedbacks or recommendations from the celebrities will create a world-of-mouth effect, as well as buzz in the entire society. Managing International Operations Production Strategy The production strategy of Ford hydrogen powered car is focus differentiation which aims to provide the hydrogen-powered car to the market of environmental friendly private car users. Facilities location Planning Besides, Ford adopts the location economies of the facilities location planning. The company produces the car in its largest production location in the United State. The production location offers sufficient technologies and experienced technical staffs and engineers required to produce the hydrogen-powered vehicle. Although the labor costs in developed countries must be relatively higher compared to some developing countries such as China, there are better quality control and productivity through utilizing the experienced labors and the local advanced machines in Germany. Moreover, the distance factory – United State to the market – Hong Kong is also relatively longer, but the transportation facilities and infrastructures are mature in both countries. For example, the seaports are available for the transportation. The company can deliver the car by water carriers in order to enjoy lower shipping cost to cover the high unit cost. JIT Manufacturing In order to further reduce its high manufacturing cost, Ford adopts the Just-In-Time manufacturing system decreasing its inventory costs. The inputs including the raw materials, component parts, and sub-assemblies can be minimized because those input are delivered as the factory receives the orders from the dealer in Hong Kong for the production process. The reduced cost not only gives the company higher profit margin, but also offers the product with a more acceptable and affordable price for the consumer in Hong Kong. Furthermore, as the hydrogen-powered car is not very common and popular in most cities, the demand is relative small and uncertain. JIT system can assist the company to avoid holding too much inventories and creating wastes which are costly. Hiring and Managing Employees Staffing Policy For recruiting the top managers in Hong Kong subsidiary, Ethnocentric Staffing is used that the top managers are from home country – United State as they understand the hydrogen-powered car project more clearly and own sufficient information and knowledge to handle the whole operation in Hong Kong more efficiently and effectively. It will also result in better planning in both short term and long run that gives a much more clear direction to the subsidiary. For employing the middle managers and non-managerial workers, geocentric staffing will be used to select the best-qualified individuals, regardless of nationality. Compensation of Managers Ford gives some compensation to the expatriate managers including cost-of-living effects and bonus and tax incentives as well. The company should not only make up the local goods and services differential, but also have to give the bonus and tax incentive to convince the top managers staying abroad longer. Moreover, the firms also should provide language training and sensitivity training to the oversea managers to better the ability of bridging cultural differences and living in foreign country. Labor-Management Relations Maintaining a strong relationship between managers and workers is extremely essential because it is affecting the productivity as well as cost. Workers should be constantly motivated to enhance their productivity by offering more deserved outcomes such as pay, benefits, and vacation time. Besides, badly treated employees may leave the organization if they have other employment options which cost an expensive hiring and training cost especially the experienced technical staffs. Therefore, Ford can collect the opinions and feedbacks from the employees as well as solve their problems through the labor union in order to boost the relationship. For example, the labor representatives can participate in high-level company meeting by actually voting on proposed actions. Conclusion To sum up, our company is confident of entering the Hong Kong market with the hydrogen powered vehicle through the above supportive analyses. The constructive marketing strategy will help firm to promote the vehicle more effectively. Furthermore, the effective and efficient international operation management and the human resource management will bring the success to become the market leader not only in Hong Kong. In the future, the hydrogen powered vehicles will be promoted in different parts of the world in order to maximize the profitability. References 1. Statistics of Middle Class population http://www. gov. hk/sc/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/population. pdf 2. Statistics of income median and GDP http://www. hkcna.hk/content/2011/1031/118642_2. shtml http://www. censtatd. gov. hk/hkstat/sub/so50_tc. jsp 3. Hong Kong environmental policies http://www. epd. gov. hk/epd/tc_chi/about_epd/env_policy_mgt/env_policy. html 4. An overview of air quality in Hong Kong http://www. epd. gov. hk/epd/tc_chi/environmentinhk/air/air_maincontent. html http://www. epd. gov. hk/epd/tc_chi/environmentinhk/air/studyrpts/air_studyrpts. html 5. The public has the awareness and knowledge of environmental protection http://net2. hkbu. edu. hk/~enews/view_article. php? id=13430 http://www. info. gov. hk/gia/general/199902/23/0223epdc. htm.

Why companies sometimes face difficulties in raising finance

Why companies sometimes face difficulties in raising finance Topic: Explain what sources of finance are available for small to medium sized companies and explain why they sometimes face difficulties in raising finance Introduction Due to the establish of modern enterprise system and thoroughly in structural reforms of market economy, there are lot of opportunities contained in the market, but it is also existing many unexpected risks, particularly for the small to medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) which has limited resources to resist in this treacherous environment. To survive and adapts to the environment for a SME is to maintain its advantage in meticulous daily management and even more important is to have a long-term view strategic thinking especially in financial strategy. A good finance strategy can help SME to set up and expand their operations, development and also investment (OECD, 2006), further to get funds which make them competitively and can get well results they desired (Park, 2010). Making a finance strategy is very significant to a company; company has to consider both of internal condition and external environment problem and even more factors which are related to company. However, the SME has its particular characteristic, it is not suitable to adopt the same action with a large company; they better to create a strategy which fits to the company according to its demand. Finding a proper financial strategy for a developing SME, not only can help SME to reinforce its essence, the more important is the sustainability of its development. Define company There is no accurate definition for small to medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) and most of countries define it according to specific condition by their way. Nevertheless, there are some particular characteristics (Bank of England, 2001 Brookfield, 2001) about SMEs and they are: The enterprises are not quoted Ownership is often connected between family and shareholder and the business is typically restricted to few individuals. Most of SMEs are small groups business and always achieve self-employment effectively. In the past, the definition for SMEs from European Commission was unequivocal, it was defined by individual country, for instance, Germany regulated the amount of employee under 250 was part of SME, but in Belgium, the number was became 100. However, in the recent years, the data from European Commission shows that the definition has adjusted and is qualified as a SME by some criteria (see figure 1-1) (European Commission, 2010) in headcount, turnover and balance sheet total. Figure 1-1 the definition of a small firm from European Commission Importance of finance Nowadays, the enterprises finance is facing a dynamic, diversification and complicated managing environment. Managing finance is not only to provide a specific method or device for a firm; it is to assimilate the principle and manner from strategic management. Start from the view of adapting to the environment and using the vantage, to pay much attention in financial long-term problem and strategic problem. In the situation of lacking of the resources for SME, to create a suitable financial strategic and well dominate the limited resource is significant since a better financial systems can help to improve the probability of successful innovation and bring accelerate economic growth. (King, et al., 1993) The focus of enterprises financial strategy is the basic path on future development, goal and goal accomplishment for the financial action; this is the difference between financial strategy and other strategies. The master objective of enterprises financial strategy is reasonably to assemble, dominate and use its resources, tend to balance and flow enterprises capital, also to build the core competitive strength and to achieve the maximization of enterprise value in the end. Some aspects of this goal are related/ connected to each other; from the view of a long-term performance, to seek the enterprises sustainability growth in financial resource and capability, and furthermore to accomplish the rising of enterprises capital value and make enterprises financial capability can sustained, quick and healthily increase, conduce to maintain and develop enterprises competitive advantage. While enterprise building the core competitive strength for their strategic management, they need the support from financial management. The financial management which treats capital management as a significant content, it needs to express the requirement for enterprises strategy and to guarantee its practice. The value of practicing the financial strategy is to retain a health condition in enterprises finance and also effectively in controlling the financial risk. There are twelve types of financing and growth in SMEs and it can be very usefully and provided a great help if it is supplied properly according to SMEs particular requirement (Brookfield, 2001). Initial owner financing (Equity finance) Business angel financing Trade credit Leasing Factoring Venture capital Short-term bank loans (Debt finance) Medium term bank loans Mezzanine finance Private placements Public equity Public debt A company should manage its financing structure in a way that its debt and equity are in balanced manner. This fact helps company to avoid insolvency. Excess of either debt or finance could result in loss of wealth. I will be explaining some of the important methods of financing in following section. Equity finance Equity financing is that the shareholder sells the part of corporate control to introduce the new shareholder by raising the capital (Watson, et al., 2007). The enterprise does not need to pay the interest on principal if the capital is received from equity financing and the new shareholder can share the profit from enterprise as well. Equity financing includes stock issuance, allotment and debt for equity swap. Some features of equity financing, are: Stock equity is firms first right of its property, it is the base for enterprise to absorb the civil liability and to responsibility for firms own profits and losses; furthermore, it is also the base for investor to control the enterprise and to distribute the profit. Equity financing is the base of deciding an enterprise to the outward debt. Certainly, there are some advantages of equity financing that help enterprise in investment and management. Equity financing builds a good system in corporate governance structure, which consists of shareholders meeting, board of directors, Board of supervisors and executives. It is effectively in decreasing the risk of management. In the modern finance theory, stock market is also called open market; it means that the standardization financial products are dealing in a trading area with an extensively institutionalization. It has its criterion and processes it in the condition of information revelation and fare dealing. In financial translation, the more important is publicity and availability of information; and that is why the stock market is better than loan market in both competitiveness of capital price and publicity of information. Venture capital Venture capital is the fund which is collected by private placement and set as the type of organization; invest to unlisted small and medium-sized newly emerging enterprises and in the capital type of both high risk and high reciprocation. Venture capital is different from mutual fund, unit trust and securities investment fund; it has its features in operating of investment and collection, such as, Venture capital absorbs the venture with enterprise; the venture capitalist needs to cooperate closely with entrepreneur and help the firm to make a plan. Management is part of investment. Venture capital is an investment in long-term and poor flowability; venture capitalist and entrepreneur become a common destiny once they invest. Venture capital is high risk and requires the venture capitalist with specialized skill, and need to achieve specialization and programmed in choosing the project, tend to avoid the risk. Before inspect the financial index, the venture capitalist pays more attention in market prospect, development strategy and managing quality. Sharing the bonus from enterprise is not the purpose of venture capital, they make it as a return by increasing the capital when they are exiting; the time for exiting is always when go on public or sell it. Debt finance Debt financing is also called bond financing, it is the way which the firm can raise money for enterprises external finance; and debt can also be conducted and fitted to the requirement of issuing companies and investors (Watson, et al., 2007). It is included long-term bank loans, short-term financing (such as bills, debt receivable, and letter of credit), enterprise Bond and short-term financial bonds, also long-term bond financing, finance lease, discount government loans, government loan, Loans from international financial organizations and private bond fund. The first expense enterprise needs to pay is the interest of capital which receives from debt financing and the principal on the debt will be paid to creditor at maturity (Davis, et al., 1994). The feature of purpose for debt financing is to solve the problem of deficiency in working capital rather than the expenditure under the capital account. Debt financing can be described by two features, The received capital from debt financing is only for using, it is not the property of the enterprise, and the firm needs to pay interest and the principal is repayable. Compare to equity financing, except some specific situations that debt financing may bring creditor the problem of intervention or controlling, otherwise it is barely to have the problem of corporate control. However, debt financing has its advantage for helping the firm in investment and management, The lenders have ability to collect and analyze the states of investment, also can have long-term investigate and oversee the enterprise to avoid the moral hazard. The function of the creditors right is when firm can pay off the debt, the firm will hold the corporate control, whereas of the enterprise cannot offer the debt, the corporate control will be turned to lender. Why do SMEs find financing a problem? Due to SMEs small size capital, the capability for defending the market risk is not as strong as a large firm, plus a faulty finance system, it causes the problem into SMEs finance management (Pissarides, 1999). The main reasons and problem are: No criterion in SMEs finance accounting system In application of finance system in SME exist some problems, which make loose financial control. A loose inventory control can lead to the stagnation of capital and excessive final inventory; the capital of final inventory always in a high proportion if compare to sale revenue. The firm usually loses a large number of assets due to focus on capital much more than assets and even wastes it seriously; moreover, to control the finished products, semi-manufactured goods and low-value expendable without a faultless system. It is negligent in managing the cash and weakness in debt receivable Some of enterprises think that it is good to hold cash (including bank deposit), and better to have more; the proportion of reserve is too high, it makes lot of capital cannot really run in operation, and also causes the capital idleness. In addition, some firms invest too much in real estate and lead to finance difficulty due to could not handle the emergent need of management. Also deficiency in managing working capital creates problems problem capital withdrawal. Difficulty in funding, the capital is insufficient It is not easy to run the SME in a practically environment, especially the unequal treatment in funding between SME and larger enterprise. The banks are not willing to loan to them, particularly the difficulty in guarantee and lack of the specialized agency to offer the assurance service is still the main problem for SME and it obviously happens in some huge investments. Unrestraint in investment The SME is lacking of the ability to analyze the investment accurately and to evaluate the effectiveness of operating the capital. The majority of investment in SME is from banking, due to the respectability of a SME is not as high as a large company, it is an obstacle in attracting the banking to invest or loan to the SME. The mode of management is backward Most of SME is running the business as a family workshop; they are operation the management in a backward way and an old-fashioned thinking way, do not understand and even not willing to understand or learn the modern financial management. The proprietor always treats the enterprise as an extension of familys property; in order to control the business entirely without decentralize the ownership, it causes the lost of the opportunities in growing. Conclusion SMEs play an important role in the general macroeconomic environment, and provide the enormous opportunities for employment. However, due to the small size and limited source, usually SMEs has to face to the challenge in financing problem. For solving the problem, the major impact is from government and the law (Industrial Systems Research). In existing policy has to be adjusted by government; the government needs to reinforce the related law and regulation to implement SMEs development strategy and preferential clause. Furthermore, have to set up the institution for managing and supporting SMEs development. To increase the method for financing; SMEs need to respect the debt from bank and to pay back the debt on time; then to healthy the internal system and raise the handling of material. Lastly, to improve accountants structure and criterion of financial management; enhance the punishment for the illegality to makes they pay attention in financial system.

The Jamaican Hero Essay -- Biography, Bob Marley

He is an iconic figure and an inspiration to millions of people around the world. His name is Bob Marley. Marley had a profound impact on the world’s culture that still has a lasting impression today. His music inspired people everywhere to maintain a sense of calmness, and enticed the Jamaican people to keep peace during the country’s tough political and economic times. Marley also inspired many of the future reggae musicians, and his legacy still stands to this day. His songs become well-known for its messages of universal love and Biblical prophecies, and inspired people across the world to spread the message of peace and harmony. Bob Marley was a charismatic leader, who used the power of music and his religion to influence and change his country and eventually the world. He had a lasting impact on the world that still exists today. No doubt, â€Å"One of the most important and charismatic champions of human freedoms in the 1970s, Marley emerged from humble beginnings and an early life of austere poverty in Jamaica to bring reggae music to international popularity† (King 4). Marley suffered from a very tough childhood, as the country he was born and raised in was in political and economic torment at the time, and suffered from the harsh rule of Great Britain. Marley’s mixed ancestry embodied his homelands tormented colonial past. Until 1962, the country of Jamaica had been ruled by Great Britain, whose original founders had driven the Spanish from the island in 1655 (Dolan 19-20). Marley grew up in these harsh conditions, but he managed to get through them. â€Å"Marley possessed qualities that seemed to help him through the harsh conditions. Very small, and generally soft-spoken, he managed to exude an aura that deterred people from m... ...to unite a nation in tough, impoverished times, in an attempt to unite the unstable nation of Jamaica, and later, future countries that endured the same economic, political, and social difficulties. Marley helped a troubled nation bind together during tough political times, simply with the power of music and his religion of Rastafarianism. He brought the issues to light, where other countries and people could observe the troubles of this little island country called Jamaica. Marley was raised in a very unforgiving country, and in a way, raised himself. With little money and family help, with friends, and with the message of love and peace, Marley rose above all these troubles to eventually become a legend that cannot be duplicated. Bob Marley is the definition of charismatic, and his impact on the world during and after his life will not ever be reproduced again.

periodic table Essay -- essays research papers

The History of the Periodic Table of Elements Dmitri Mendeleev and the early Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia; on February 7, 1834 .He was the youngest of 14 children born to Maria Dmitrievna Korniliev and Ivan Pavlovitch Mendeleev. His father was director of the local gymnasium. Maria Korniliev's family settled in Tobolsk in the early 1700's and introduced paper- and glass-making to Siberia. Unfortunately, Ivan died when Dmitri was quite young, leaving his wife to support the large family. The death hit them hard economically especially for a large family, which meant that Maria had no other choice but to find work. Maria's family owned a glass factory and they allowed her to take over managing the company so she could support the family. Dmitri, being the youngest, appears to have been his mother's favorite child and was provided as many opportunities as she could afford. From his early years, she began to save money for Dmitri to attend the university. As he grew older, it became apparent that he had a bright future. At the age of 14, he was attending the Gymnasium in Tobolsk and his mother was continuing to plan for his future. In that year, however, a second major family tragedy occurred; the glass factory burned to the ground. The family was devastated. Maria was not about to give up her dreams for her son. She knew at this point that Dmitri's only hope to go on to school was to win a scholarship. So in his final years at the gymnasium, Maria pushed Dmitri to improve his grades and prepare for entrance exams. After much nagging from his mother and Bessargin, Mendeleev passed his gymnasium exams and prepared to enter the university. In 1849 they moved Moscow. At this point the family included Maria, Dmitri, and Elizabeth (Dmitri's older sister). In Moscow, they entered a climate of considerable political uproar, which made the university reluctant to admit anyone from outside of Moscow. Mendeleev was rejected. Maria did not give up, however, and the family headed for St. Petersburg. Mendeleev was left alone to face his work at the university. Dmitri fell right into his work at St. Petersburg. Mendeleev graduated and was awarded the medal of excellence for being first in his class. Mendeleev already had his life's ambitions in mind and, hoping to extend his life as long as possible, he moved to Simferopol in the Crimean Peni... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pu  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Am  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bk  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Es  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Md  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lr   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1899  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1828  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1917  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1789  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1940  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1940  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1945  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1944  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1949  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1950  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1952  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1953  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1955  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1957  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1961 * Known to ancient civilizations Element Groups (Families) Alkali Earth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alkaline Earth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transition Metals Rare Earth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other Metals  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Metalloids Non-Metals  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Halogens  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Noble Gases

The Last Day :: essays papers

The Last Day Confusion raced through her mind. The other life was just an action away. She didn’t want to be here anymore and she was ready to leave. She was tired of always getting hurt; nothing could be worse than the life she was living. Sure, there were people who loved her, but she didn’t love herself enough to stay here. All of the pain would stop with just one or two strokes of the blade against her wrists. Tristyn picks up the phone and dials a number she has dialed everyday for the past two years. â€Å"Hey girl!† Wendy says as she answers the phone. â€Å"Hey.† replies Tristyn. â€Å"I’m gonna have to call you back; I’m on the other line.† â€Å"No, it’s alright. Just one question†¦how do you slit your wrists? Is it sideways or up and down?† â€Å"I did it sideways, but you are supposed to do it up and down on the main artery.† â€Å"Alright, bye.† She hangs up the phone and sits for a minute. Everything would be so much easier if I just weren’t here anymore. I wouldn’t have to see her everyday and know that I can’t have her. Will everyone understand that I had to do this? I hate to hurt people but I just can’t take this pain anymore. I just hope that everyone understands, but at least I won’t be here to hear everyone talking about how stupid I was to take my life. They just don’t understand. Emili walks into the room and looks at the girl she used to love. â€Å"You can’t do this Tristyn! I’ll call the cops right now!† says Emili. â€Å"The cops aren’t going to do *censored* to me! Just go pack your stuff and leave me alone!! You don’t care anyway!† Tristyn shouts. All Tristyn can do is lay on the couch and cry. She prays that her mom can understand why she had to do this. She doubts that she will. Tristyn lies on the tan nubuck leather couch her mom bought her and reflects on her life and all that has happened to lead her to this low point. Tristyn had always been given all the things she ever wanted or needed. Her mom had always made sure that she never did without. Tristyn hoped that her mom did not blame herself for any of this. There was no one to blame but herself, she knew that, for getting pulled in once again, only to be hurt for the final time.

Speech for Home work and special education teachers

‘This slide presentation is for a survey that I have undertaken. The survey is titled ‘A phenomenological Study of Homework from the position of simple particular instruction instructors of pupils with larning disablements. ‘ The hardy trades with the positions and experiences of instructors of pupils with larning disablements sing the value they place on prep. The value and the really capable of prep have been really controversial to many over the centuries since prep has been portion of the educational system in the United States of all time since schools were founded. In the 1800s, it was typical to hold 14-21 hours of prep given to pupils per hebdomad. It was during this clip that the value of prep started to be questioned. It was in 1897 that Dr. Joseph Mayer Rice questioned the construct of prep. Besides In the late 1900s a diary by the name Ladies ‘ Home Journal ran an article that rallied anti-homework protagonists who claimed prep was unhealthy and wa nted it abolished. In the 1920s The American Child Health Association conducted a survey that found out that kids could be negatively affected by prep. It was besides suggested in the thirtiess that prep was non just and infringed on household clip. Besides, the Society of the Abolition of Homework was founded. The 1940s saw an instruction displacement from boring jobs to problem-solving schemes. Following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, the U.S. Government faulted the deficiency of prep as the ground American kids were falling behind their Russian opposite numbers. In the 1960s the belief persisted that prep trumped all of import activities. The 1970s saw many political and cultural alterations that surrounded the Vietnam War and Civil Rights motion and one time once more homework went by the roadside. A 1980s study entitled, The State at Hazard stirred up instruction and reported that averageness was acceptable in schools. The No Child Left Behind statute law in 2000 took the phase , and schools began to experience force per unit area by the authorities to execute and put higher criterions. The demand for research is fueled by the fact that prep continues to be assigned to pupils and yet both instructors and parents and instructors question its effectivity and how it contributes to the pupil ‘s academic accomplishment. Many simple school instructors have different perceptual experiences and beliefs when it comes to giving prep to kids with larning disablements. Children with larning disablements may either non turn in their prep or non complete it. This would take to either the pupil neglecting the category or even in worse instances the pupil might drop out of school this is really apparent since surveies have indicated that kids with acquisition disablements are besides non graduating at the same rate as most of their schoolmates. Students with larning disablements lack to turn in their prep due to a twosome of grounds for illustration some assignments may be excessively long or excessively hard for them to understand while others may hold ill-defined waies. The whole survey is based on points of those who have been for or against prep. After I did thorough reappraisal of the related literature I found out that phenomenological surveies had non been conducted sing pedagogues ‘ histories of prep assignments, a spread that this qualitative survey addressed. Such diverseness of perceptual experiences and attitudes sing prep required a critical scrutiny of educational patterns and single instructor experiences with prep. I besides conducted a reappraisal by obtaining and reexamining multiple school territory policies sing rating prep and burdening the assignments in concluding classs. The consequences indicated that legion pupils are neglecting because they submit unfinished prep or make non subject any prep. Deductions from this survey may include alterations in the ways prep is assigned ( if it is assigned suitably ) and a reconsideration of rating processs. Deciding non to rate prep or perchance retracing and modifying prep assignment s for pupils with larning disablements could be a possible result of this survey. A secondary result might affect opening teacher treatments with decision makers about set uping prep policies in school territories every bit good as custom-making prep to the abilities of the pupils. Small research has been conducted on instructor positions and their ideas and feelings sing the prep assigned to the population of pupils with larning disablements. The information gathered in this survey will assist pedagogues and decision makers gain a better apprehension of the experiences, feelings, and ideas of instructors on prep. By leting instructors to portion their experiences, this research could lend to better professional development to fix instructors for progressively diverse scholars. Teachers ‘ preparations sing prep have besides been a concern with respect to decently composing custom-tailored assignments for pupils with larning disablements. A study coupled with an interview of more than 300 instructors was conducted and merely one person claimed to hold taken a class that focused on prep. In add-on, a instructor study was besides completed and merely 18 % had really attended professional development workshops on the subject of prep assignments can be created that are structured and tiered harmonizing to a pupil ‘s skill degree to assist further positive experiences in larning which in bend could ensue in a better entry rate of prep, higher go throughing rates in categories, every bit good as lower keeping rates and drop-out rates. So to paint a clear phenomenology was used to transport out the sturdy. The chief intent of this sturdy I undertook was to place the ideas, feelings, experiences and attitudes of the instructors of pupils with larning dis ablements in classs 3'6 sing the value, application, and creative activity of prep assignments. This phenomenological survey involved face-to-face interviews of instructors at multiple sites i.e. diners, diners, schoolrooms, conference suites. The choosing of the location of the interview was a affair of common convenience. The instructors were besides observed and anecdotal notes were taken. Teachers selected for this survey were those working in public school territories in the State of New York. These instructors had to hold been presently learning pupils with larning disablements in classs 3? 6 and had to hold had at least two old ages of learning experience. For the intent of the sturdy I conducted 13 interviews with the instructors who met the aforesaid demands. In order to enroll instructors for this survey I posted a publication on particular instruction web sites, instructor sites, and the Council for Exceptional Children. Participants were non compensated for the interviews. During the interview I easy gained and established resonance and trust with the aid of repeating how much this survey will help others and how much their sentiment agencies. Once resonance was established I explained to the respondents the demand of the digital tape recording equipment was explained. All inquiries were asked in the same order to compare informations consistently. The inquiries were concise, standardized, and open-ended to let for free ideas to happen from the participants. Once the interview was completed, participants were asked if they would wish to add anything. It was explained that their information will be kept confidential and that they will have a transcript of the typed transcript in the mail and to do any alterations, mark, and return to me. Known as member-checking, this process ensured that the reading made was free of any mistakes, and was concise and accurately reflected the message of the participant. Participants were assigned an alphameric codification to guarantee confidentiality. The intending units were so ranked, compared, and reduced from intending units to subjects and tracked utilizing a spreadsheet to cut down the information into identified subjects. Concepts and subjects that emerged from the interview procedure were compared and analyzed. Upon reexamining each written text, a content log of intending units were reviewed, and emerging subjects were recorded on an Excel spreadsheet. In this survey, accent was placed on the positions of the particular instruction instructors ; therefore, the result of this survey should hold an impact on the manner pupils with learning disablements are assessed, which may do instructors to reexamine their schoolroom prep policies and processs to outdo run into the demands of these pupils. In conformity with the intent of the survey to cognize the positions of instructors for the particular instruction sing their experiences in making appropriate prep assignments for pupils with larning disablements, six research inquiries were designed and developed by reexamining the related literature. The input, positions, and experiences of the instructors from their ain schoolrooms were really of import for understanding the ground prep is given. It besides gave a clear image on the value that teachers topographic point on prep, and the type of prep assigned. The inquiries for this survey were developed from the reappraisal of related literature. These inquiries are as follows: 1. What values do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 topographic point on prep patterns? 2. How do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 usage prep assignments? 3. To what extent do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 believe that prep contributes to higher academic accomplishment? 4. Why do instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 assign prep? 5. What professional development preparation has instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6 had in the creative activity of prep assignments? 6. What is the school territory ‘s policy regarding prep for the instructors of pupils with larning disablements in classs 3'6? The response of instructors for the above inquiries is as follows: Question 1: The instructors interviewed responded that prep could be done at school. They responded that prep should be checked but non needfully graded Question 2: The instructors interviewed responded that they kept an docket book to maintain path of prep. They responded that math prep was the easiest to modify while spelling prep is consistent for all pupils. They besides responded that prep provides good support of earlier acquisition. Question 3: From the interviewees response there was the belief that prep contributes to higher academic accomplishment as prep increased academic accomplishment in pupils with larning disablements since it provides good support to what is learnt in category. Question 4: The instructors responded that they do delegate prep since it has great value in linking place and school. The instructors besides believe that prep lets parents cognize what their kid is larning in school. Question 5: The instructors responded that they had professional development developing specifically related to bettering prep assignments in footings of the sum, type, length and other best pattern facets of prep. Question 6: Most of the respondents are incognizant of school policy and that afterschool prep aid is provided to pupils who need the aid. From the findings of this sturdy I was able to come up with a few deductions of the position of instructors of pupils with larning disablements towards prep. These deductions have a direct bearing on the current usage of prep and how or if instructors make effectual usage of prep as an assessment tool or how they align assignments to run into the demands of their acquisition handicapped pupils. What is the value? Teachers value prep based on this survey. They value it so much that excess clip in school is utilized every bit good as resources and funding to provide aid to pupils to finish their prep. Homework is checked, but non graded and this is based on the fact that many instructors reported that they want a pupil to try the work and they do n't cognize how much or how small aid they are having at place. There is a gulf between prep assignments and lessons which seems to thwart the acquisition handicapped pupils every bit good as instructors. There seems to be no force per unit area to alter the current pattern or struggles with equals in relation to amount or type of prep assignments. Feedback is of import and valued every bit good as the instructors are looking to see if pupils are comprehensive to the stuffs taught in category. Sing the usage of prep assignments: Teachers felt a demand to utilize an docket or assignment tablet for learning handicapped pupils to be able to maintain path of their assignments. Two topics were outstanding in prep assignments: math and spelling. It appeared the ground for this was that they were the most easy to modify ‘ diminish the figure responsible for and it seemed that spelling was used because there was no clip in the school twenty-four hours to suit it in. The usage of prep assignments was to reenforce earlier acquisition and to assist with memory. Homework was non assigned on new constructs or constructs that had non been taught yet, it was purely to reenforce the day-to-day activities of the lessons at hand. ‘ of the instructors reported that parents do non portion their enthusiasm or value for prep and feel prep is lending to a loss of involvement in school so the usage of prep assignments is of import to a instructor but appears to be conflicting in the place environment. Does homework advance higher accomplishment? Harmonizing to most literature it does non. Learning handicapped pupils have organisational and attending jobs that besides interfere with prep completion and farther intensify the completion rate. Deficits in base accomplishments in larning handicapped pupils besides are a concern. A cluster subject appeared which identified that pupils non merely have larning shortages but besides have motor, organisational, hyperactivity, and attending concerns which further consequence their completion rate of prep and prep does non look to advance a higher accomplishment degree since return is bad and pupils seem to non be able to understand it without aid of instructors in excess plans. Why do instructors delegate prep? The chief ground is to chiefly reenforce the schoolroom direction. All agreed that no new stuff should be given to pupils to larn on their ain. Teachers like to see the advancement and feel parents/guardians in the place should besides assist to reenforce direction. However, ‘-3/4 complete prep and that is merely after aid in after school plans, during tiffin, deferral, and mentoring periods. It was besides found that pupils take more than an hr to finish their assignments and seem to fight with them. Sing research inquiry # 5: Professional development: Merely one subject emerged 11/12 had ne'er received any professional development on developing and making prep assignments. This is overriding as best patterns need to be explored to back up larning handicapped pupils in the schoolroom. Differentiation, alterations, and adjustments all need to be learned and applied to efficaciously use prep to its intended intent. The last research inquiry # 6: concerned with school territory ‘s policy. 100 % of participants were incognizant of school policy. It was either non shared by their current disposal or they did non cognize such a policy would even be. 10/12 stated that it is non policy, but have an unwritten regulation for after school support and other aid for pupils for prep completion. There appears to be a broad spread between instructors understanding of the difference of excessively much prep and the world of breaks and troubles faced by parents of larning handicapped pupils. The tradition continues. Teacher ‘s prep patterns do non correlate with related research. It is a simple common belief, although unsubstantiated in literature, that homework helps to stand out the pupil. Teachers in this survey underestimated the troubles that larning handicapped pupils face and miss support and preparation to help their students.The attitudes and beliefs of instructors had non been given sufficient consideration to find if instructors are portion of the root cause. There is a immense spread between existent pattern and best pattern. By utilizing this phenomenological attack to arouse the values, attitudes, and beliefs of particular instruction instructors about prep, these new disclosures filled in a spread in the literature to explicate why prep is a job for larning handicapped pupils and what instructors face on a daily footing. Recommendations: 1. Investigate standard policies and processs to see if they are compromising best patterns in prep assignments and appraisals. 2. Work together with regular pedagogues and particular pedagogues to invent an acceptable grade of alterations or alternate assignments for learning handicapped pupils that are individualized where pupils can run into success alternatively of experiencing defeat. 3. Training protocols should be put in topographic point at both the college degree and territory degrees for professional development to research best patterns by utilizing scientifically based appraisals and organisational tools to utilize with pupils. 4. Homework is one time once more with this survey brought into inquiry and argument and demands to be dramatically realigned and reassessed so we do n't lose our acquisition handicapped pupils. We do n't desire them dropping out of school. We do n't desire them being held back. We do n't desire them to go awol. We want them to be successful and turn their disablement into their ability concentrating on the positive properties they each bring as persons. Decision: Most participants espoused positive and encouraging beliefs on the importance of prep yet few seemed willing to do significant alterations to suit the acquisition handicapped pupil. This could be based on the tensenesss of inclusion, standards-focused policies, political force per unit area, or province appraisal force per unit areas. There is still a feeling that prep improves achievement and is portion of the American instruction tradition. Teachers are fighting, though, with happening ways to work with their acquisition handicapped pupils and make individualized, modified, practical prep for them. There is a spread between the current pattern and what best pattern is and this has been uncovered through the subjects utilizing this phenomenological method of research by researching the beliefs, attitudes, and perceptual experiences of this 12 New York province instructors. Based on the findings of the survey and the research conducted the survey assisted with acknowledging the adversities prep topographic points on both households and instructors, therefore oppugning the value of this century-old tradition in the twenty-first century. The survey besides determined the demand for custom-tailored, individualised assignments at the pupils ‘ ability degree, instead than at grade degree. Other than the academic benefits of prep there are besides non-academic benefits of prep. Homework helps transfuse duty for trying the work and conveying assignments back to category. Though there are benefits the pattern needs to be reformed in order to provide even for those with learning dis ablements. The survey besides shed visible radiation on the fact that pupils with learning disablements are happening it hard to get by with the velocity of the other able pupils. In this light hence there should be betterment of this sector and instructors excessively should be trained more to get the cognition of how to cover best with such fortunes of kids with larning disablements. The research has shed visible radiation on the fact that pupils with learning disablements are are happening it hard to get by with the velocity of the other able pupils. Obviously, that pattern is one that needs to be reformed. There should be more professional development preparations and a changeless reappraisal of policies and processs should be established by territories to guarantee that instructors are following proper protocol. ‘

Benefits After the Russian Revolution

15-Minute Oreo Pie * 1 package Oreos * 1/2 stick butter (or margarine) * 1 1/2 cups cold milk * 2 packages (4-serving size) vanilla-flavored instant pudding * 1 8-oz. tub Cool Whip, thawed Crush 24 to 30 cookies (I’d recommend doing this in a blender or food processor. I tried using a rolling pin and zip top bag and it was a bit more time-consuming than it likely would be in a blender. ) Mix with melted butter and pressed onto the bottom and sides of a 9-inch pie plate. Beat milk and pudding together until thick (approximately 1 to 2 minutes). Carefully stir in whipped topping and blend well.Crush or chop at least 12 Oreo cookies and fold into the pudding mixture. Spoon onto crust. Garnish with Oreos and refrigerate for at least four hours. OREO ICE CREAM PIE| | Read more about it at www. cooks. com/rec/view/0,1937,150160-228199,00. html Content Copyright  © 2012 Cooks. com – All rights reserved. 1 pkg. Oreo cookies (lg. ) 5 tbsp. melted butter 1/2 gallon vanilla ice cream, softened 1/2 tbsp. vanilla 1 (13 oz. ) container Cool Whip 1/2 c. chopped nuts Chocolate syrupCrush Oreo cookies with rolling pin. Combine with melted butter and press into a greased 9 by 13 inch pan.Combine ice cream, vanilla and 1/2 of Cool Whip. Place on top of crust and freeze until firm. After frozen, spread rest of Cool Whip on top. Sprinkle with nuts and drizzle chocolate syrup over the entire surface of pie in a lacy pattern. Keep frozen. Serves 15. | * 32 OREO Chocolate Sandwich Cookies, divided * 1/4 cup butter or margarine, melted * 2 cups cold milk * 2 pkg. (4 serving size) JELL-O Chocolate Flavor Instant Pudding & Pie Filling * 1 (8 ounce) tub COOL WHIP Whipped Topping, thawed, divided Directions 1. Finely crush 24 of the cookies; mix with butter.Press firmly onto bottom and up side of 9-inch pie plate. 2. Pour milk into large bowl. Add pudding mixes. Beat with wire whisk 2 minutes or until well blended. (Mixture will be thick. ) 3. Spoon 1-1/2 cups of the puddin g into crust. Gently stir 1/2 of the whipped topping into remaining pudding; spread over pudding layer in crust. Chop remaining 8 cookies; stir into remaining whipped topping. Spread over pie. 4. Refrigerate 4 hours or until set. One package of Oreo cookies One stick of butter or margarine Two eight ounce packages of cream cheese, softenedThree one ounce packages of instant vanilla pudding Four cups of milk ? tub of whipped cream Directions Before getting started, it is very important to take the cream cheese out of the refrigerator and let it soften for at least an hour. If the cream cheese is cold, it will not blend into a smooth mixture. Step 1 Place the Oreo cookies in a gallon size plastic bag, removing all the air before sealing it. Crush the Oreo cookies with a rolling pin or mallet. The Oreos do not need to be crushed into a fine powder, make sure and leave some chunks. Step 2Melt the butter. Mix the melted butter with about half the crushed Oreos. Press the mixture into the bottom of a 9 x 13 pan to for the pie crust. You can also use a regular pie plate if you prefer. Step 3 Mix the cream cheese, vanilla pudding, milk, and whipped cream. It is best to use an electric hand mixer on medium speed to get a smooth texture. Taste the mixture, you may want to add some sugar if you would prefer a sweeter flavor. Pour the mixture over the crust. Step 4 Pour the remaining crushed Oreos on top. Refrigerate for an hour or until cool. INGREDIENTS: (9-inch size) graham or cookie pie crust 8 ounces cream cheese, softened 1 cup powdered sugar 8 ounces instant vanilla pudding mix 16 ounces Cool Whip 1 1/2 cup milk 20 Oreo cookies, crushed 1 teaspoon vanilla extract DIRECTIONS: Beat cream cheese and sugar together. In another bowl, beat pudding and milk until thick. Add cool whip and vanilla to pudding. Add cream cheese mixture to pudding mixture, stirring well. Layer the cookies crumbs and the pudding mixture into crust beginning with a layer of cookie crumbs and res erving enough cookie crumbs to cover the top.